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Embedded Systems · Module 4 of 10

GPIO, timers and interrupts

Control pins and respond to events.

📖 Key ideas

  1. GPIO pins are configured as input or output.
  2. Pull-up/pull-down resistors keep inputs stable.
  3. Timers generate delays, PWM and periodic events.
  4. Interrupts let hardware events run code immediately (ISR).
  5. Keep ISRs short; set flags and process in the main loop.
💡 Real-life example: An interrupt is a doorbell: you stop what you're doing briefly, answer, then return.
GPIOGeneral-purpose input/output
Pull-up resistorKeeps input high by default
TimerCounts clock ticks
ISRInterrupt Service Routine